Literature Review on Theories of Performance Appraisal

Literature Review on Theories of Performance Appraisal Introduction: Performance appraisal means to evaluate the performance of employees that they are performing their jobs up to the standard of the organizations or not. To evaluate the performance of employees it is very important to establish a proper performance appraisal system in the organization and to give the training to the managers of the organization to appraise the performance of employees correctly. This is a broad topic for research and many researchers have done their researches on performance appraisal to improve the performance appraisal system of organization. In some organizations management has implemented poor system of appraisal in these articles authors have discussed that the have found the negative attitude of employees towards performance appraisal. The main purpose of this project was to explore the appraisal system in work place and identifying the importance of appraise and appraiser role to form a positive and effective system. In these articles they have worked on to gi ve the knowledge to healthcare professionals about difficulties of implanting an appraisal system, including the lack of guidelines on skills and knowledge required. Researchers have used DEA data envelope analysis as a fair evaluating and sorting tool to support appraisal system. This study supports the ideas that rating formats need reexamination with a focus on computer based models as an alternative to traditional rating methods. Another method has already been used (AHP) analytic hierarchy process to evaluate the performance of employees based on the criteria: . Quantity/quality of the work, planning/organization, initiative/commitment, teamwork/cooperation, communication and external factors. All these criteria have been divided into three sub criteria to evaluate the employees. On performance appraisal researchers have done work on different areas but there is no work has been done on that which performance appraisal tools are more useful for evaluating the performance of employees. I want to do my research on methods of performance appraisal that which methods are more useful and give best result to evaluate the performance of the employees. Literature review: T. R. Manoharan (2002) has written In this article authors have discussed that they have noticed that in many organizations appraisal systems are: (a) not relevant to organizational objectives, (b) subject to personal bias, and (c) are often influenced more heavily by personality than by performance. To eliminate these negative things there is a attempt with a computer based tool called Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) which is used in the working place to evaluate the performance of employees. Sample size is 23 employees. A DEA study provides the following four properties (Paradi, Smith Schaffnit-Chatterjee 2002). A piecewise linear empirical envelopment surface to represent the best practice frontier, consisting of units which exhibit the highest attainable outputs in relation to all other DMUà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s in the population, for their given level of inputs An efficiency metric to represent the maximal performance measure for each DMU(Decision Making Units) measured by its distance to the frontier Specific targets or efficient projections onto the frontier for each inefficient DMU An efficient reference set or peer group for each DMU defined by the efficient units closest to the DMU Here regression analysis is used and correlation has been checked in between these factors of DEA data set: Job knowledge, customer relation, work habit, interpersonal relations, quality and quantity. Through this analysis they have measured the efficiency and productivity of each employee. Rafikul Islam(July 8-10, 2005) has discussed In this article scholars have discussed that to evaluate the performance of organization that it is meeting its goals or not, it is important to evaluate the performance of employees of the organization and for this evaluation effective performance appraisal system should be maintained. They have mentioned two main objectives of this study first is to give rewards to those employees who have performed good in achieving organizational goals and second is to identify those objectives which are not met and make an action plan to ensure that they will achieved in future. In this paper AHP (analytic hierarchy process) to evaluate employee performance. The criteria is used for appraisal is: quantity/quality of the work, planning/organization, initiative/commitment, teamwork/cooperation, communication and external factors. Their sample size is 294 employees. There are many advantages of using AHP i.e AHP can compare two decision elements at a time, it is easy and simple to use, it can easily accommodate multiple decision makers to solve any specific problem. AHP can easily accommodate multiple decision makers to solve a particular problem AHP compares two decision elements (criteria/alternatives) at a time. AHP is simple and easy to apply. Graeme Redshaw (2008) has written in this article is about to improve the performance appraisal system of nurses in organization. Author distributed questionnaire to 8 nurses to know about the performance appraisal system of the organization. 7 nurses were nervous before the appraisal and 1 was confident after the appraisal all nurses were agreed with the outcomes of appraisal. If the successful appraisal system is established so there will be clear aims and objectives, and will be able to implement fairly. Proper training will be provided to the managers to appraise the staff correctly. Diane Shaffer(May 11, 2009) has written in his article writer has discussed that motivation and performance appraisal are interrelated. Motivation is dependent on performance management. Employees who are motivated and happy with their jobs want to stay connected with the company for a long time. Many organizations have not implemented correct performance appraisal system to evaluate the performance of employees. Author has discussed here that they should implement a successful appraisal method/system and also give reward to employees who perform good in the organization. Through this practice employee become motivated towards their jobs and improve their performance and performance of organization as a whole will also improve. Almuth McDowall (2009)has discussed in his article that due to the high level of competition training and development has become very important. Ità ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s a era of globalization so it is playing a key role for the organization to get competitive advantage. While selection of activities including coaching, 360 degree appraisal and development centers (DCs) are become linked to development. In this article 360 degree appraisal has been discussed that it is very important to give the feedback to the employees about their performances. Positive feedback motivates the employees and they become more willing to work for further development programs. The authors examine different development activities with the aim being to provide a framework with which to assess each oneà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s effectiveness. They compare the processes incorporating a range of significant factors and highlight several important implications that arise for any aim to m eet organizations. Donald L. Caruth (2009)has discussed that the purpose of this paper is to demonstrate the need for and propose a more aligned and integrated standard for performance evaluation to enhance effective strategic control. The paper reviews the various issues creating discontent with the performance appraisal systems within many organizations and demonstrates how these problems inhibit successful strategic control. It attempts to cogently incorporate the performance appraisal characteristics needed for the exercise to function as a critical organizational control metric and a useful feedback mechanism for strategic management of the firm. The paper finds that, whereas performance evaluation has received reasonably robust examination in the human resources literature, explicit guidance toward the integration with strategic control is inadequate. Without consistent alignment between these functions, however, performance appraisal becomes an exercise in futility instead of a vital control mea surement, often resulting in not only personnel dissatisfaction, but also, more importantly, an impediment to systematic strategy implementation. H.C. Shiva Prasad(2010) in this research paper authers have done work to dheck the performance of indian software professionals (SPs) Data were collected from 441 software and senior software engineers from eight Indian software firms. The team leaders assessed the performance of software and senior software engineers on 16 items. The exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses of scores on 16 items of the instrument suggest six dimensions of performance. They are work-efficiency, personal resourcefulness, inter- and intra-personal sensitivity, productivity orientation, timeliness, and business intelligence. The dimensions have reliability and high convergent validity. SPs having more years of experience, higher need for achievement, and higher need for social power are high performers. Human resource managers can evaluate the performance of SPs holistically on six dimensions for training, reward administration, job rotation, and promotion decisions.

The Changing Role of Women in the 1920’s

This source is a picture of four women dressed in flapper dresses (shorter dresses that showed off more of their body). In this source I have recognised that these women may be dancing the Charleston. This could have also been danced to jazz music. This source tells us that women weren’t accompanied by men anymore (without chaperones); this gave the impression that they were single and could whatever they want. It also tells us that the fashion in the 1920’s changed, women had their hair cut much shorter, into bobs; they stopped wearing corsets and tight under garments and the hemlines on skirts and dresses rose.This gave them more choice and freedom to show off. Without chaperones women could spend their time out dancing rather than being stuck at home. The photograph taken by the US fashion magazine is not reliable in the changing role of women because fashion magazines look at fashion, not the change of roles for women in the 1920’s. If this source was in a ne wspaper it would have been more reliable because it would give you information on the changing role of women.A fashion magazine is the lifestyle that women aspire to rather that what they actually have. However, this source is also reliable because it gives us the idea of what the fashion style was like at the time. This applies to at least a few women otherwise there wouldn’t be a picture of the latest fashion. As the picture in the photograph is not a painting it should be accurate. This is useful because it shows us what women wanted to aspire to. It also shows us the progress and changing attitudes younger women in the 1920’s.From my own knowledge I would have thought these women tended to be young, rich, urban women that may have drank or smoked in public to draw attention to them. This may have been because they were unaccompanied by men. On the other hand, this only shows one role of women. Most women, particularly the ones that lived in the countryside followed the traditional roles of women. This source is very hard to see how much the role of women has changed because there is no comparison from before the 1920’s to the 1920’s.

A Deadly Mistake Uncovered on Colonization Essay Topics and How to Avoid It

A Deadly Mistake Uncovered on Colonization Essay Topics and How to Avoid It What You Can Do About Colonization Essay Topics Starting in the Next Four Minutes Describe some tasks which you've accomplished over the last two years which have no connection to academic studies. Some might require research although others may require using the five senses and figurative language. Since you can see, several of the topics listed are new and handle the present issues happening in the World today. It's possible to select an intriguing topic from any area of science. Application essays about challenges reveal how you respond to difficulty to individuals who are really interested in how you'll take care of the subsequent four years all on your own. Technology is potentially the most renowned topic to speak about today. Perform extensive research on the subject of your choice and make an impressive persuasive speech that individuals will remember for long. You should look at a task to locate a theme not an issue but an opportunity and even a benefit. You are able to also restate the ideas which you've discussed in the body paragraphs in order to make your point valid. When you're picking your topic, bear in mind that it's much simpler to write about something which you presently have interest ineven in case you don't know a good deal about it. Colonization Essay Topics Fundamentals Explained Categories, essay topics could be divided into. You are a genuine expert in regards to persuasive essay topics. Curriculum proposal topics is a means to try. At times you might require some expert help with argumentative essay topics. Good persuasive essay topics must be persuasive. Moral argumentative essay topics are a few of the simplest to get carried away with. Choosing topics for argumentative essays is very important for your general success. Recent argumentative essay topics that are related to society is going to do. Remember your essay is about solving problems, thus a solution ought to be a highlight of the essay. Tell the reader of the way the situation will change when the remedy is adopted. Well, the solution isn't too obvious here. It is possible to restate your argument, which is quite a common practice amongst essayists. When you are finished with your essay, you must not merely check it for spelling and grammatical errors, but nevertheless, it also has to be checked for logical fallacies. At length, you should also have the ability to go over either side of the argument to provide a rounded essay. Instead of just immediately writing about your argumentative essay topic, you first have to think about what you're likely to put back on your paper through a procedure of brainstorming and pre-writing. A proposal essay is extremely straightforward to comprehend. To get started writing an essay on colonialism, you must pick the topic. To begin writing your assignment you would want to encounter an interesting and promising topic. It is often as large or as small as it is possible to consider! Completely free English Colonization essay samples can be found FreeEssayHelp with no payment or registration. Cost-free European Colonization essay samples can be found FreeEssayHelp with no payment or registration. Normally, having three big arguments to show your point is sufficient for a convincing paper. When you have identified the 2 subjects, decide which similarity and difference to concentrate on. If you've got to write your whole essay in 1 day, do your very best to give yourself breaks so you don't burn out. Moreover, in-text citations will present your awareness of the various papers formats.

Face Recognition - 1117 Words

Re Face Recognition Paper Adriana Zachry Psych/560 November 13, 2012 Christopher Wessinger Face Recognition Paper Face recognition develops slowly through life. Recognizing a face can be a difficult for the individual and also for the brain system that processes. The complexity of recognizing individual faces can be a difficult task at times. Recognizing faces also includes looking at an individual’s emotional expression and then, being able to take that information and processing it. This can be more complicated because facial recognition also includes the processing of emotions and emotional content. The brain can easily recognize a face without encountering any complications. Facial identification is essential for†¦show more content†¦In order for a person to recognize a face, the face features must be encoded in the long-term memory first and then retrieved from the brain. The encoding process is a very important part of recognition memory because it determines if the persons face will be recognized later on. It depends on the strength of the member whether the person will be remembered by recollection judgment, or is known by familiarity judgment. However, whether the brain remembers a person, place, or thing depends on the strength of one’s memory or whether they were paying full attention to details. â€Å"Configural system is always necessary for face recognition, and appears to support what remains of face identification even in prosopagnosic people who have an intact part-based system† Rivest, J.J., Moscovitch, M.M. amp; Black, S.S. (2009). Long term memory is information that is permanently stored in the brain for later use. Long-term memory is made up of both semantic and episodic memory. Semantic memory is all of the information that one accumulates over a long period of time that is not linked by time or place. 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